Duolingo, Inc.

DUOL · Technology (services-prepackaged software) · 7 years of annual accounts filed with the SEC · latest fiscal year ended 2025-12-31

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Duolingo, Inc. reported revenue of $1.0 billion in fiscal 2025. Of the $907.5 million its operations generated over 7 years, 5.1% went back into the business. On the accounting screens, it passes 3 of 8 Piotroski tests, its Altman Z'' of 6.04 is in the safe zone and its Beneish M-score is above the -1.78 line; none of the six cross-checks between its statements fires.

Revenue, fiscal 2025 1.0B

Operating margin 13.1% gross margin 72.2%

Return on invested capital —

Free cash flow after stock pay 232.3M 22.4% of revenue

Net debt ÷ EBITDA — net debt —

Piotroski F-score 3/8 tests of improvement passed

Share counts are in today's shares. The SEC's filings restate only recent years after a split, so these jumps were read as splits and the older years scaled to match — otherwise per-share figures would compare different units: 2-for-1 before fiscal 2021.

Is it growing?

Revenue and the operating income it turns into. Growth that does not reach operating income is growth bought with margin.

RevenueOperating income

Compound growth a year
	3 yrs	5 yrs	6 yrs
Revenue	+41.1%	+45.0%	—
Free cash flow per share	+84.5%	+68.5%	—
Shares	+7.0%	+13.7%	—

Falling shares are buybacks: each remaining share owns more of the company.

Does it earn more than its capital costs?

Margins say how much of each sale is kept; return on invested capital says how much the business earns on the money it needs to operate. Growth only creates value when that return is above the cost of the capital.

    GrossOperatingNetFree cash flow
    
  

Return on invested capital

Economic profit

Needs a cost of capital, which comes from the valuation below.

Return on equity: 30.7%
Return on assets: 20.8%
Asset turnover: 0.52×
Research & development: 29.5% of revenue
Overheads (SG&A): 17.5% of revenue

Is the profit cash, and where does the cash go?

Net income is an accounting opinion; free cash flow is what was left in the bank after investing. Stock-based pay does not leave the bank — shareholders pay it through dilution — so it is shown taken off as well.

Net incomeFree cash flowAfter stock-based pay

Where 7 years of operating cash went, 2019–2025

907.5M generated by the business. Each band is its share of that total.

Reinvested in the business 5% 45.9M
Acquisitions 5% 43.7M
Dividends 0% 0
Share buybacks 0% 868,000
Kept, or used to pay down debt 90% 816.9M

Over the same years it paid 474.8M in stock. The buybacks did not even cover what was handed out in stock.

Per share

    Earnings per shareFree cash flow per shareDividend per share
    
  

Shares outstanding

Diluted shares

Debt and liquidity

Debt is not bad in itself; debt the business cannot service in a bad year is. Net debt is debt minus cash, and below zero the company holds more cash than it owes.

Net debt ÷ EBITDA: —
Interest coverage: — operating income ÷ interest
Current ratio: 2.61 current assets ÷ current liabilities
Cash conversion cycle: — collects in 57d

Three classic screens of the accounts

Each asks a different question of the same statements — is it improving, does it look like a company heading for distress, do the accounts resemble ones that were manipulated. None is a verdict; each shows what moves it.

Piotroski F-score

Is the business improving? Nine yes-or-no tests, this year against last.

3of 8 tests passed

ProfitableReturn on assets above zero passed
Cash from operationsOperating cash flow above zero passed
Profitability improvedReturn on assets higher than a year before passed
Profit backed by cashOperating cash flow above net income (low accruals) failed
Less long-term debtLong-term debt as a share of assets fell — not reported no data
More liquidCurrent ratio higher than a year before failed
No new sharesShare count did not grow failed
Better gross marginGross margin higher than a year before failed
Sells more per assetAsset turnover higher than a year before failed

Where it misleads: it measures change, not level. An excellent business that stood still for a year scores low; a poor one recovering from a disaster scores high.

Altman Z''-score

Does the balance sheet look like those of companies that went bankrupt?

6.04safe zone

Working capital ÷ assets 0.44 × 6.56+2.92
Retained earnings ÷ assets 0.14 × 3.26+0.47
Operating income ÷ assets 0.07 × 6.72+0.46
Equity ÷ liabilities 2.09 × 1.05+2.19

Where it misleads: buybacks. A company that returns so much cash that its equity turns small or negative sinks the last two ratios without being anywhere near bankruptcy. Banks and insurers do not fit the model at all.

Beneish M-score

Do the accounts resemble those of companies that manipulated their earnings?

-1.69above the -1.78 line

Receivables vs sales 0.91+0.84
Gross margin slipping 1.01+0.53
Soft assets 1.87+0.76
Sales growth 1.39+1.24
Slower depreciation 1.28+0.15
Overheads vs sales 0.84-0.14
Profit not in cash 0.01+0.06
Leverage rising 0.85-0.28

Where it misleads: fast growth and acquisitions. Sales growth carries a heavy weight, so a company growing 50% a year scores like a suspect without having done anything. It is a screen from a 1999 study, not an accusation.

Where the statements disagree

Cross-checks between the income statement, the balance sheet and the cash flow for the latest year, each with the benign reading and the worrying one.

None of the six cross-checks fires for the latest year: receivables and inventory move with revenue, profit turns into cash, investment keeps up with depreciation, the tax rate is ordinary and debt is moderate.

What is it worth, under which assumptions?

A company is worth the cash it will generate, brought back to today. This model projects revenue with growth that fades over the years, applies a free cash flow margin, and discounts the result at the cost of capital. Every assumption says where it came from, and all of them can be changed.

Revenue

Starting revenue

M $

revenue of fiscal 2025

Growth in year one

revenue grew +45.0% a year over the last 5 years; it fades to the terminal rate by the last year

Years until it settles

yrs

ten years for growth to fade to the terminal rate

Cash from each sale

Free cash flow margin today

free cash flow to the firm after stock-based pay ÷ revenue, last 3 fiscal years together

Margin in the last year

the margin in year ten; by default the business keeps today's

Count stock-based pay as a costIt is paid in shares instead of cash, and shareholders bear it through dilution. Most free cash flow figures leave it out.

The long run

Growth after that, forever

growth forever after year ten, below the risk-free rate: no company outgrows the economy forever

The discount rate

Risk-free rate

10-year US Treasury par yield (U.S. Treasury), 2026-09-28

Beta

not measured on this public page, which uses only public filings: 1.0 assumes it moves like the market. Sign in to measure it from prices

Equity risk premium

the extra return demanded for holding shares; it cannot be measured, and 4–6% is the common range

Cost of debt, before tax

no interest line: the risk-free rate + 1.5 points

Tax rate

effective rate in the last fiscal year, 127.0%, kept within 0–35%

The price

Share price

Type the price you see at your broker. It is used only for the reverse questions: what that price implies.

Back to the defaults

SEC from the filings Treasury the 10-year yield measured from prices assumption cannot be measured yours you changed it

With a free cash flow margin at or below zero in year ten, the business never generates cash for its owners and a DCF says nothing useful. Set a positive margin for year ten to see what it would take.

What it has filed lately

The last twelve months at the SEC, most important first: annual and quarterly reports, events, large holders and insiders.

Event 2026-08-19

Published information for investors

Event 2026-08-10

Changed a director or officer; published information for investors

Published the results of a shareholder vote

Estimatein 39d

Results for the period ending 2026-09-29

What its own directors and officers did

Every Form 4 filed in the last twelve months, read line by line: 6 filings by 3 people. Open-market purchases and sales are counted apart from awards, option exercises and shares withheld for taxes.

Bought on the open market—none in the period

Sold on the open market$20.3M18 sale(s) by 3 insider(s)

Under pre-arranged plans94%of the sales followed a 10b5-1 plan set months earlier

Other lines60 awards · 0 option exercises · 0 tax withholdings

Date	Who	What	Shares	Price	Value	Holds after
24 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Converted	46,682	$38.08	$1.8M	46,682
24 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	38,758	$150.45	$5.8M	7,924
24 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	7,024	$151.42	$1.1M	900
24 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	900	$152.29	$137,061	0
22 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	200	$150.00	$30,000	3,414
22 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Converted	3,614	$38.08	$137,621	3,614
22 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	3,414	$152.02	$518,996	0
21 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Converted	27,960	$14.42	$403,183	27,960
21 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Converted	9,406	$38.08	$358,180	37,366
21 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	33,257	$150.46	$5.0M	4,109
21 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	4,109	$151.07	$620,746	0
16 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Converted	23,040	$14.42	$332,237	23,040
16 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Converted	5,252	$38.08	$199,996	28,292
16 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	27,272	$150.17	$4.1M	1,020
16 Sep 2026	Von Ahn LuisPresident & CEO, Co-Founder	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	1,020	$151.54	$154,571	0
14 Sep 2026	Chen Stephen C.General Counsel	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	2,107	$147.43	$310,635	49,734
14 Sep 2026	Chen Stephen C.General Counsel	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	5,965	$150.00	$894,750	43,769
8 Sep 2026	Gordon William BDirector	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	800	$143.83	$115,068	77,615
8 Sep 2026	Gordon William BDirector	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	2,742	$144.59	$396,458	74,873
8 Sep 2026	Gordon William BDirector	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	3,483	$145.91	$508,198	71,390
8 Sep 2026	Gordon William BDirector	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	2,675	$146.58	$392,114	68,715
8 Sep 2026	Gordon William BDirector	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	200	$148.68	$29,735	68,515
8 Sep 2026	Gordon William BDirector	Sold on the open market · pre-arranged plan	100	$151.64	$15,164	68,415
17 Aug 2026	Chen Stephen C.General Counsel	Sold on the open market	1,024	$129.13	$132,229	51,841

A Form 4 says what happened, when, how many shares and at what price. It does not say why: a sale can be diversification, a tax bill or a plan fixed months earlier, and an award is pay, not a purchase. Nothing here is a reason to buy or sell anything.

Which large funds report holding it

From the Form 13F of the 28 institutions followed on this site, as of the end of their last reported quarter. A 13F is filed up to 45 days later and shows only long positions in US-listed shares.

Fund	Shares	Value	Share of the fund	Since the quarter before
Baillie Gifford 30 Jun 2026	4.8M	$554.9M	0.5%	Reduced
Norges Bank (Norway's sovereign fund) 30 Jun 2026	321,546	$37.0M	0.0%	New
Tudor Investment 30 Jun 2026	46,340	$5.3M	0.0%	Reduced

All the funds and what they reported ›

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Every figure, year by year

7 fiscal years · 30 measures

	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Size
Revenue	—	161.7M	250.8M	369.5M	531.1M	748.0M	1.0B
Revenue growth	—	—	+55.1%	+47.3%	+43.7%	+40.8%	+38.7%
Operating income	—	-16.0M	-60.0M	-65.2M	-13.3M	62.6M	135.6M
Net income	—	-15.8M	-60.1M	-59.6M	16.1M	88.6M	414.1M
Margins
Gross margin	—	71.6%	72.4%	73.1%	73.2%	72.8%	72.2%
Operating margin	—	-9.9%	-23.9%	-17.6%	-2.5%	8.4%	13.1%
Net margin	—	-9.8%	-24.0%	-16.1%	3.0%	11.8%	39.9%
Free cash flow margin	—	8.9%	2.2%	13.0%	28.3%	36.5%	35.6%
R&D ÷ revenue	—	32.8%	41.4%	40.7%	36.6%	31.5%	29.5%
SG&A ÷ revenue	—	27.0%	31.3%	31.9%	24.9%	20.9%	17.5%
Cash
Free cash flow	—	14.3M	5.6M	48.1M	150.4M	273.4M	369.7M
Stock-based pay	—	17.0M	40.8M	73.8M	95.2M	110.5M	137.4M
Free cash flow after stock pay	—	-2.7M	-35.2M	-25.7M	55.2M	162.9M	232.3M
Free cash flow to the firm	—	-17.2M	-68.1M	-87.1M	-49.1M	16.9M	-72.6M
Free cash flow ÷ net income	—	-0.9×	-0.1×	-0.8×	9.4×	3.1×	0.9×
Capex ÷ revenue	—	2.1%	1.4%	1.5%	0.6%	1.6%	1.7%
Returns
Return on invested capital	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Return on equity	—	—	-11.7%	-11.0%	2.5%	10.7%	30.7%
Return on assets	—	-9.0%	-9.1%	-8.0%	1.7%	6.8%	20.8%
Asset turnover	—	0.9×	0.4×	0.5×	0.6×	0.6×	0.5×
Economic profit	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Per share
Earnings per share	—	$-0.62	$-2.57	$-1.51	$0.35	$1.88	$8.57
Free cash flow per share	—	$0.56	$0.24	$1.22	$3.23	$5.80	$7.65
Dividend per share	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Payout ratio	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Book value per share	—	$-3.15	$21.89	$13.73	$14.09	$17.51	$27.88
Diluted shares	—	25.5M	23.4M	39.5M	46.5M	47.1M	48.3M
Balance sheet
Net debt	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Net debt ÷ EBITDA	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Interest coverage	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Current ratio	—	2.4×	5.2×	3.8×	3.2×	2.6×	2.6×
Cash conversion cycle (days)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Scores
Piotroski F-score	—	2	5	5	6	5	3
Altman Z''	—	-0.35	7.14	5.71	5.75	5.25	6.04
Beneish M	—	—	-2.37	-2.95	-2.55	-1.99	-1.69

Accounts from the company's own SEC filings; lines some companies do not report are shown as a dash rather than estimated. The risk-free rate is the 10-year US Treasury yield. A DCF is a way of making assumptions explicit, not a forecast: it states what the company would be worth if the assumptions held. The scores are screens that point where to look, not verdicts. Nothing here is a recommendation to buy or sell.